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Wilma Pearl Mankiller (November 18, 1945 – April 6, 2010) was the first female chief of the Cherokee Nation. A liberal member of the Democratic Party, she served as principal chief for ten years from 1985 to 1995. She is the author of a national-bestselling autobiography, ''Mankiller: A Chief and Her People'' and co-authored ''Every Day Is a Good Day: Reflections by Contemporary Indigenous Women''. Mankiller's administration founded the Cherokee Nation Community Development Department and saw a population increase of Cherokee Nation citizens from 55,000 to 156,000. ==Early life== Wilma Pearl Mankiller was born in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, the sixth of eleven children, to Charley Mankiller (November 15, 1914 – February 20, 1971)〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Wilma Mankiller profile at notable Biographies website )〕 and Clara Irene Sitton (born September 18, 1921).〔Mankiller and Wallis, p. 5, 31〕 Her father was a full-blooded Cherokee and her mother was a Caucasian woman of Dutch and Irish descent who acculturated herself to Cherokee life.〔Mankiller and Wallis, p. 9〕 The family surname, Mankiller, refers to a traditional Cherokee military rank; it is ''Asgaya-dihi'' in the Cherokee language.〔Mankiller and Wallis, p. 4〕 Alternative spellings are Outacity〔Mankiller and Wallis, p. 12〕 or Outacite. The Mankiller family was destitute, and initially resided on Charley’s allotment lands of Mankiller Flats near Rocky Mountain, Oklahoma.〔〔Mankiller and Wallis, p. 32〕 In 1942, during World War II, the United States Army exercised eminent domain for military purposes and took over the land of 45 Cherokee families, including the Mankillers, in order to expand Camp Gruber.〔Mankiller and Wallis, pp. 62–3〕 The Mankillers willingly left Oklahoma under the Bureau of Indian Affairs' Indian Relocation Program. The family relocated to San Francisco in 1956, and later settled in Daly City.〔〔Mankiller and Wallis, p. 63, 70, 102〕 In 1963, at the age of 17, Mankiller married Hector Hugo Olaya de Bardi, an Ecuadorian college student.〔Mankiller and Wallis, pp. 145–47〕 They moved to Oakland and had two daughters, Felicia Olaya, born in 1964, and Gina Olaya, born in 1966.〔Mankiller and Wallis, p. 150〕 Mankiller returned to school, first at Skyline College, and then San Francisco State University.〔Mankiller and Wallis, p. 158〕 Her bachelor’s degree in the social sciences was from Flaming Rainbow University in Stilwell, Oklahoma and she did graduate work at the University of Arkansas.〔Sam Howe Verhovek, "(Wilma Mankiller, Cherokee Chief and First Woman to Lead Major Tribe, Is Dead at 64 )," ''The New York Times'', April 6, 2010. Accessed 29 November 2012.〕 She had been very involved in San Francisco’s Indian Center throughout her time in California. In the late 1960s, Mankiller joined the activist movement and participated in the Occupation of Alcatraz Island in 1969. For five years, she volunteered for the Pit River Tribe.〔Mankiller and Wallis, p. 204〕 After divorcing Hugo Olaya in 1977, Mankiller moved back to Oklahoma with her two young daughters, in hopes of helping her people. She began an entry-level job for the Cherokee Nation. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Wilma Mankiller」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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